This edition for the HORN Bulletin examines regional integration in the Horn of Africa, competing mediation efforts in the eastern DRC, Rwanda’s counterterrorism partnership in Mozambique, and the dynamics of displacement and mobility through the case of Kenya’s Kakuma Refugee Camp

In this issue:

Article 1: IGAD at 40: A Critical Review of IGAD’s Integration Agenda by Matundura Nyambunde assesses four decades of IGAD’s evolution, examining its achievements, institutional constraints, and prospects for deeper regional integration in the Greater Horn of Africa.

Article 2: Too Many Peacemakers? Conflict Fragmentation and the Crisis of Legitimacy in the M23 Conflict Mediation by Carine Mac Lobela explores how competing mediation initiatives in the eastern DRC have created a fragmented peace architecture, raising questions about legitimacy, coordination, and sustainable conflict resolution.

Article 3: Rwanda’s Geopolitical Projection and Counterterrorism Partnership in Mozambique: Implications for Mozambique’s Security Architecture by Fatima Chimarizeni Papelo examines Rwanda’s growing role as a regional security actor and the opportunities and challenges its intervention presents for Mozambique’s long-term security framework.

Article 4: Intricate Dynamics of Refugees, Migrations and Mobility of People in Africa: A Case of Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya by Edwine Otieno analyzes the complex realities of displacement, migration, and mobility in Africa through the experience of one of the continent’s largest refugee settlements.