Twenty-five years after 9/11 recast the Horn of Africa as a front line in a global campaign, the honest verdict is neither victory nor defeat. …
Research Library
The HORN Institute produces a range of publications and strategic analysis designed to inform policymakers and practitioners working in the region. These outputs provide timely insights into evolving political, security and geopolitical developments across the region.
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- Special Paper
The Five Generations of Terrorism framework, as advanced in the paper by its author Dr Mustafa Yusuf AIi, proposes a five-generation framework for the periodization …
- Special Paper
Dr. Mustafa Y. Ali Nairobi, Kenya Special Paper No. 1; Generations of Terrorism: September 16, 2026 Abstract This policy research paper proposes a five-generation framework …
- Policy Brief
THE ISSUE Terrorism scholarship and policy still default to David Rapoport's four-wave model, which begins in the 1870s and treats religiously-motivated transnational terrorism — al-Qaeda, …
- Working Papers
Working Paper No. 3 on Fifth-Generation Terrorism, 12 September 2026 Introduction The history of terrorism is not a linear history of violence. It is an …
- Analysis
Contemporary global security is increasingly defined by the emergence of the fifth wave of terrorism: the religio-political wave
- Working Papers
Growing evidence confirms the emergence of a ‘fifth generation’ of violent extremism and terrorism, presenting complex threats that conventional security operations alone can no longer …
- The HORN Bulletin
1. Introduction Kenya remains one of Africa’s largest refugee-hosting nations, accommodating over 869,000 refugees and asylum seekers as of late 2025 (UNHCR Kenya, 2025). About …
- The HORN Bulletin
The Horn of Africa has emerged as a key arena of contemporary geopolitical competition, where external actors increasingly pursue influence through indirect and multidimensional strategies