The armed conflict in the Republic of Sudan which broke out on April 15, 2023 has pushed Sudan to the brink of collapse. The fighting between the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) led by General Mohammed Hamdan and the regular army, Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) led by General Fattah Al Burhan has had significant humanitarian impact while populations flee as refugees or Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). The conflict is a major set-back to transition efforts aimed at reversion to democratic civilian government in Khartoum. In fact, the current conflict is a function of the transition crisis and subsequent fall-out between SAF and RSF over the implementation of security sector reforms, specifically the integration of forces timeframe and modality, as enshrined in the Juba Agreement of 2022.
Pastoralism remains one of the most important livelihood systems in the Horn of Africa, supporting millions of people through livestock keeping and small-scale agriculture. Across countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, and Uganda, pastoral communities have historically survived harsh climatic conditions through mobility, communal grazing systems, and indigenous coping mechanisms. However, climate change …
